Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting tens of
millions of people worldwide. It is a degenerative joint disease characterized
by the breakdown and eventual loss of joint cartilage. The breakdown and
deterioration of cartilage causes the bones to rub together resulting
in extreme pain. OA rusting from “wear and tear” is the most
common reason individuals need to undergo knee replacement surgery.
Symptoms of knee osteoarthritis include:
- Pain – during movement
- Tenderness
- Stiffness –usually after periods of inactivity
- Lack of flexibility – inability to move through full range of motion
- Grating sensation
- Bone spurs – small, hard lumps felt around the joint
Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that usually worsens over
time. If you are experiencing any of the above symptoms, now may be the
time to see a knee specialist.
The Cause of Knee Osteoarthritis
Your knee joint is formed by the intersection of the
femur (thigh bone),tibia (shin bone) and
patella (knee cap). These bones form three “compartments” or sections:
- Lateral compartment (outer half of your knee)
- Medial compartment (inner half of your knee)
- Patellofemoral compartment (behind the knee cap)
In a normal functioning knee, each bone glides smoothly against the other
on a layer of
cartilage that covers the ends of the bone. Cartilage protects the bones while allowing
the joint to glide smoothly. It also acts as a shock absorber. In a knee
joint affected by osteoarthritis, the smooth cartilage lining on the inside
of the joint has worn away.
Knee
ligaments are what link the bones. Ligaments include the anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL)
and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL).
The health and stability of your ligaments can be important determining
factors in whether one knee treatment option is better for you than another.
A partial knee replacement is an option for people who have osteoarthritis
in one or two compartments of the knee. A total knee replacement is an
option for people with osteoarthritis in all three compartments.
Risk Factors
While the exact cause of OA is unknown there are several factors that may
increase risk of developing OA:
-
Age: The strongest risk factor for OA. While OA can start in young adulthood,
in these cases it is often due to joint injury
-
Gender: OA affects both men and women. However, before age 45, OA occurs more
frequently in men; after age 45, OA is more common in women
-
Joint injury: Traumatic injury to a joint increases risk of developing OA
-
Obesity: Chances of developing OA generally increase with the amount of weight
the body’s joints have to bear
-
Joint Alignment: People with joints that are not aligned correctly, like bowlegs, dislocated
hips, or double-jointedness, are more likely to develop OA in those joints
Treatment Options
OA can be treated non-surgically, with drugs or with a variety of surgical
treatment options. Nonsurgical options generally begin with lifestyle
modification – losing weight, switching from running to lower impact
exercises, and minimizing activities that may aggravate the patient’s
condition. Physical therapy can help increase range of motion and flexibility
in affected joints, and supportive devices like braces, canes and specialized
shoes can assist with pain and weight bearing issues. Certain drugs are
available in treatment of OA, primarily surrounding anti-inflammatory
and pain management medications.
Finally, there are several surgical treatment options for those patients
whose OA does not respond to nonsurgical treatments3:
-
Arthroscopic surgery using fiber-optic technology. The instruments enable a surgeon to see
inside the joint to remove debris or repair torn cartilage
- An osteotomy, which is a process of removing a wedge of bone from the tibia
or femur to improve alignment of the knee joint and adjust weight bearing
of the knee
-
A Total Knee Replacement, which sacrifices one or both of the ACL and PCL, removes all weight bearing
surfaces of the knee and replaces it with an with an artificial joint
-
A Partial Knee Replacement is an option for people who have osteoarthritis in one or two compartments
of the knee. A total knee replacement is an option for people with osteoarthritis
in all three compartments.
Contact Us
At San Diego Spine & Joint Center, we will conduct a comprehensive
assessment of your specific knee anatomy, and discuss the potential risks
and benefits of available knee treatments, including robotic-assisted
partial knee replacement. For a physician who specializes in knee implants,
call (844) 784-2255.